Thanks to high-profile projects like Elon Musk’s Neuralink, brain-computer interfaces (BCI) have garnered worldwide attention in recent years. You might be surprised to learn, however, that BCI technology has been around for over four decades and that you don’t need surgery to create your own “mind-controlled” projects.
EMOTIV debuted in 2011, presenting its first wireless EEG headset as a revolutionary BCI gaming device. Since then, the technology has advanced significantly alongside machine learning algorithms and improved brainwave sensors. Today, BCI enthusiasts still turn to EMOTIV for their brain-computer interface project needs.
Whether you're a beginner or an experienced professional, the world of BCI offers exciting opportunities for innovation and discovery. Here is a guide to brain-computer interface devices to help you understand and access this fascinating world.
Understanding Brain-Computer Interface Technology
Brain-computer interface (BCI) technology allows for direct communication between the brain and external devices. Technically, any device that reads brain signals is BCI. More recently, the term has been used primarily to describe BCIs that allow you to “mind-control” devices. The same technology that helps understand brain function can translate brain signals into commands for various tasks, including controlling a computer cursor, moving prosthetic limbs, and creating interactive gaming experiences. BCI technology is offering new hope to those without the use of their limbs, in addition to able-bodied innovators and hobbyists everywhere.
Since “BCI” has become a buzzword in the zeitgeist, it’s important to distinguish between brain computer interface device types to alleviate confusion and so consumers and institutions can choose the right BCI device for them.
BCI Devices: Surgery vs. Headset
There are currently two distinct types of brain-computer interface devices; those implanted into the brain and those reading brain signals from the scalp (Fig. 1). Here are the differences.
Figure 1. Classification of BCI signal acquisition technologies. (a) is the classification diagram of the surgery dimension, which includes three levels: non-invasive, minimal-invasive, and invasive. (b) shows the classification diagram of the detection dimension, which includes three levels: non-implantation, intervention, and implantation. [1]
Intracranial (Invasive)
Intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) implants electrodes directly inside a person’s head. This allows doctors to obtain a clear electronic signal for research, detection, and treatment. Brain implants can either read data, stimulate the brain, or both. Uses include but are not limited to, evaluating epileptic seizures [2], treating mental illnesses [3], bypassing paralysis, enabling thought-to-text or thought-to-speech (Fig. 2) and even vision restoration [4][5].
The U.S. Food & Drug Administration defines implanted BCI devices as “neuroprostheses that interface with the central or peripheral nervous system to restore lost motor and/or sensory capabilities in patients with paralysis or amputation” [6].
Figure 2. Casey Harrell, who suffers from ALS, speaks again with the help of a BCI implant through the BrainGate clinical trial. (Credit: UC Regents)
Intracranial (Minimal-invasive)
Researchers have experimented with less invasive methods of reading direct information from the brain. One method is endovascular (Fig. 3), sending electrodes to the brain via a stent through the blood vessels [7][8].
Another method is called electrocorticographic (ECoG), which requires surgical placement of electrodes underneath the skull, either under the dura mater (subdural ECoG) or outside the dura mater (epidural ECoG). The procedure is invasive but less so than traditional BCI implants [9].
Figure 3. A, Schematic of the fully implanted brain-computer interface (BCI). A device with electrodes is implanted in the superior sagittal sinus blood vessel (inset) and connected to an implantable receiver transmitter unit (IRTU) in the subcutaneous pocket. IRTU communicates with an external receiver telemetry unit (ERTU), which relays signals to a signal control unit for controlling a laptop computer or tablet. B, BCI with an eye tracker for computer control. Eye tracking is used to move the cursor, and BCI is used to click. C, BCI without eye tracking for computer control. An item scanner highlights items in sequence, and the BCI is used to click an item when it is highlighted [7].
Non-Invasive BCI (EEG Headsets)
Figure 4. John participates in BCI4Kids, a program that helps children with disabilities interact with their environment using brain-computer interfaces. You can see John’s brain-powered artwork HERE.
Non-invasive BCI devices use electrodes to read electrical signals through a person’s scalp. This process has traditionally been limited to a laboratory setting, but the advent of wireless, research-grade EEG devices has allowed for accurate brainwave readings anywhere (Fig. 4).
Currently, there are dozens of noninvasive BCI headsets on the market—many of which are designed with one purpose in mind, such as sleep or focus monitoring. Prices may vary from a few hundred dollars to hundreds of thousands. EMOTIV offers the most versatile and affordable range of wireless BCI devices, ranging from two sensors up to 32, used by neuroscientists, students, educators, innovators, gamers, hobbyists, and artists across the globe.
According to a 2022 audit of peer-reviewed articles [10], EMOTIV is the most used consumer EEG device (67.69%) for scientific research. Researchers trust EMOTIV for its scientifically validated performance, affordability compared to traditional EEG lab equipment, and versatility. The same EMOTIV headset used in a university laboratory to conduct breakthrough research on the human brain can be shared with the music department for a BCI performance, then passed to the psychology department for hands-on learning, and shared with a student BCI club to race brain-powered drones.
EMOTIV BCI Devices
At EMOTIV, we have wireless BCI devices for beginners and experienced users alike.
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32 Channels Our most powerful EEG headset is perfect for the most complex BCI tasks. The FLEX Saline cap system is like a regular EEG set-up but without wires tethering it to a computer. It has a high-quality antenna and accurate motion data for reliable performance. Plus, the FLEX cap system comes in three sizes, making its smaller version ideal for working with children. |
Above: A wheelchair is controlled using EMOTIV FLEX as a BCI device [11].
EPOC X
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14 Channels This high-resolution, multi-channel EEG headset is ideal for advanced research and BCI projects. It offers precise brain signal detection and a variety of applications, from cognitive performance monitoring to neurofeedback. EPOC X is the preferred BCI device for world-famous gamer, Perrikaryal (Fig. 5). |
Above: A student uses EPOC X and Arduino board to control a robotic arm. (Source: Matt Su)
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5 channels The EMOTIV Insight EEG headset is popular among BCI enthusiasts because of its sleek design, semi-dry polymer sensors, and ease of use. |
Above: A student at the University of Florida wears an EMOTIV Insight BCI device to control a drone. (Source)
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2 channels This discreet, brain wearable is designed for mobile and on-the-go brain state monitoring. It is ideal for projects requiring portability and ease of use. |
Figure 5. Twitch gamer Perrikaryal successfully uses a 2-channel EMOTIV MN8 brain wearable to control a game of Halo with BCI.
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Getting Started with Your BCI Project
Already have coding experience? |
New to BCI? |
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Start here: |
Here's a start-up guide: |
How Do I Use BCI?
You need five basic elements to start your BCI project.
- A clear goal
- Signal acquisition device, such as an EEG headset from EMOTIV
- Signal processing software, such as EmotivBCI.
- Assigned BCI commands (some coding experience required)
- Access to the device you want to control via SDK, Arduino board, etc.
- A device to receive BCI commands
Choosing the Right BCI Devices
Selecting the appropriate BCI device is crucial for the success of your project. Here are some key considerations:
Ease of Use: Look for a device that is user-friendly and easy to set up, especially if you are a beginner. EMOTIV BCI devices set up in minutes with dry, semi-dry, and saline sensors.
- Functionality: Ensure the device offers the features and capabilities needed for your specific project. EMOTIV headsets are whole brain sensing but as a general rule, BCI works better with more sensors. By that logic, EMOTIV FLEX uses up to 32 sensors for maximum brain sensing, but our users tend to find EPOC X or Insight more than adequate for their BCI projects and research. MN8 brainwear devices, meanwhile, are perfect for BCI mobile app development.
- Sensor Placement:When selecting an EEG headset, consider where the sensors are located and how that impacts your needs. For example, some BCI devices on the market have just one sensor or multiple sensors located only at the back of the head.
- Wet vs. Dry Sensors: Consider comfort and signal quality when selecting a BCI device, especially if you intend to wear it for long periods of time. Saline is more comfortable than gel, semi-dry sensors are easier to use than saline, and dry sensors are the most convenient to use. Compare the signal quality of EMOTIV devices.
- Compatibility: Choose a device that integrates well with your existing software and hardware tools. If you want to integrate BCI into an existing system (drones, Spotify, Internet of Things, etc.), ensure you have SDK, API access.
- Support: Choose a device from a company that offers strong support and has an engaged user community. EMOTIV offers an extensive Knowledge Base and customer support.
- Data and Privacy: Your neural privacy matters. That’s why from day one, EMOTIV has designed its EEG data collection with privacy in mind. See how EMOTIV protects your brain data.
Conclusion
Starting a BCI project is an exciting journey that offers immense potential for innovation and impact. Whether you are a beginner or an experienced professional, EMOTIV provides the tools and support you need to succeed. With the right BCI device and a clear vision, you can unlock new possibilities.
Discover EMOTIV's BCI devices and resources today to start working on your BCI project. Join the community of innovators and researchers who are shaping the future of human-technology interaction with BCI technology.
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References
- Y. Sun et al., “Signal acquisition of brain-computer interfaces: A medical-engineering crossover perspective review,” Fundamental Research, Apr. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.fmre.2024.04.011. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667325824001559
- P. S. Reif, A. Strzelczyk, and F. Rosenow, “The history of invasive EEG evaluation in epilepsy patients,” Seizure, vol. 41, pp. 191–195, Apr. 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2016.04.006.
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, “Implanted Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) Devices for Patients with Paralysis or Amputation - Non-clinical Testing and Clinical Considerations,” U.S. Food And Drug Administration, May 20, 2021. https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/implanted-brain-computer-interface-bci-devices-patients-paralysis-or-amputation-non-clinical-testing
- Y.-H. Nho et al., “Responsive deep brain stimulation guided by ventral striatal electrophysiology of obsession durably ameliorates compulsion,” Neuron, vol. 112, no. 1, pp. 73-83.e4, Jan. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.09.034.
- “Neuralink on X: ‘We have received Breakthrough Device Designation from the FDA for Blindsight. Join us in our quest to bring back sight to those who have lost it. Apply to our Patient Registry and openings on our career page https://t.co/abBMTdv7Rh’ / X,” X (Formerly Twitter). https://x.com/neuralink/status/1836118060308271306?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Etweet
- M. Ptito, M. Bleau, I. Djerourou, S. Paré, F. C. Schneider, and D.-R. Chebat, “Brain-Machine interfaces to assist the blind,” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, vol. 15, Feb. 2021, doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.638887.
- P. Mitchell et al., “Assessment of safety of a fully implanted endovascular Brain-Computer interface for severe paralysis in 4 patients,” JAMA Neurology, vol. 80, no. 3, p. 270, Mar. 2023, doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2022.4847.
- Q. He et al., “The brain nebula: minimally invasive brain–computer interface by endovascular neural recording and stimulation,” Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery, p. jnis-021296, Feb. 2024, doi: 10.1136/jnis-2023-021296.
- R. P. N. Rao, “Semi-Invasive BCIs,” in Cambridge University Press eBooks, 2013, pp. 149–176. doi: 10.1017/cbo9781139032803.012.
- J. Sabio, N. S. Williams, G. M. McArthur, and N. A. Badcock, “A scoping review on the use of consumer-grade EEG devices for research,” bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Dec. 2022, doi: 10.1101/2022.12.04.519056.
- D. Pawuś and S. Paszkiel, “BCI wheelchair control using expert system classifying EEG signals based on power spectrum estimation and nervous tics detection,” Applied Sciences, vol. 12, no. 20, p. 10385, Oct. 2022, doi: 10.3390/app122010385.
